Reginald Fessenden and the First Radio Broadcast

Reginald Fessenden and the First Radio Broadcast Reginald Fessenden was an electrician, chemist, and employee of Thomas Edison who is responsible for transmitting the first voice message over radio in 1900 and the first radio broadcast in 1906. Early Life and Work With Edison Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in what is now Quebec, Canada. After he accepted a position serving as principal of a school in Bermuda, Fessenden developed an interest in science. He soon left teaching to pursue a science career in New York City, seeking employment with Thomas Edison. Fessenden initially had trouble attaining employment with Edison. In his first letter seeking employment, he admitted that he [Did] not know anything about electricity, but can learn pretty quick, leading Edison to initially reject him though he would eventually get hired as a tester for Edison Machine Works in 1886, and for Edison Laboratory in New Jersey in 1887 (the successor to Edisons famous Menlo Park lab). His work led him to encounter inventor Thomas Edison face to face. Although Fessenden had been trained as an electrician, Edison wanted to make him a chemist. Fessenden protested the suggestion to which Edison replied, I have had a lot of chemists . . . but none of them can get results. Fessenden turned out to be an excellent chemist, working with insulation for electrical wires. Fessenden was laid off from Edison Laboratory three years after he began working there,  after which he worked for Westinghouse Electric Company In Newark, N.J., and the Stanley Company in Massachusetts. Inventions and Radio Transmission Before he left Edison, though, Fessenden managed to patent several inventions of his own, including patents for telephony and telegraphy. Specifically, according to the National Capitol Commission of Canada, â€Å"he invented the modulation of radio waves, the ‘heterodyne principle,’ which allowed the reception and transmission on the same aerial without interference.â€Å" In the late 1800s, people communicated by radio through Morse code, with radio operators decoding the communication form into messages. Fessenden put an end to this laborious manner of radio communication in 1900, when he transmitted the first voice message in history. Six years afterward, Fessenden improved his technique when on Christmas Eve 1906, ships off the Atlantic coast used his equipment to broadcast the first trans-Atlantic voice and music transmission. By the 1920s, ships of all kinds relied upon Fessendens depth sounding technology.   Fessenden held more than 500 patents and won Scientific Americans Gold Medal in 1929 for the fathometer, an instrument that could measure the depth of water beneath a ships keel. And while Thomas Edison is known for inventing the first commercial light bulb, Fessenden improved upon that creation, asserts the National Capitol Commission of Canada.   He moved with his wife back to her native Bermuda after leaving the radio business due to differences with partners and lengthy lawsuits over his inventions. Fessenden died in Hamilton, Bermuda, in 1932.

U-2 Spy Plane Incident With Gary Powers

U-2 Spy Plane Incident With Gary Powers On May 1, 1960, a  U-2 spy plane  piloted by Francis Gary Powers was brought down near Svedlovsk, Soviet Union while performing high altitude reconnaissance. This event had a lasting negative impact on U.S. - U.S.S.R. relations. The details surrounding this event are to this day still shrouded in mystery. Facts About the U-2 Incident Following World War II, the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union grew increasingly wary. The USSR did not agree to a U.S. Open Skies proposal in 1955 and relations continued to deteriorate. The U.S. instituted high altitude reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union because of this aura of mistrust. The U-2 was the plane of choice for the spying missions. This plane was able to fly extremely high, with an overall ceiling of 70,000 feet. This was key so that the Soviet Union would not be able to detect the planes and see this as an act of warfare for violating their airspace. The CIA took the lead in the U-2 project, keeping the military out of the picture to avoid any possibilities of open conflict. The first flight in this project occurred on July 4, 1956. By 1960, the U.S. had flown numerous successful missions over and around the U.S.S.R. However, a major incident was about to occur.   On May 1, 1960, Gary Powers was making a flight that left from Pakistan and landed in Norway. However, the plan was to divert his flight path so that he would fly over Soviet airspace. However, his plane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile near  Sverdlovsk Oblast which was located in the Ural Mountains. Powers was able to parachute to safety, but was captured by the KGB. The Soviet Union was able to recover most of the plane. It had proof of Americas spying over their land. When it was obvious that the Soviet Union had caught the US red-handed, Eisenhower admitted on May 11th to knowledge of the program.  Powers was interrogated and then put on trial where he was sentenced to hard labor.   Mysteries The conventional story given to explain the crash of the U-2 and the subsequent capture of Gary Powers is that a surface-to-air missile brought down the plane. However, the U-2 spy plane was constructed to be unassailable by conventional weapons. The major benefit of these high altitude planes was their ability to stay above enemy fire. If the plane was flying at its proper height and had been shot down, many question how Powers could have survived. It would have been very likely that he would have died in the explosion or from the high altitude ejection. Therefore, many individuals question the validity of this explanation. Several alternative theories have been put forward to explain the downing of Gary Powers spy plane: Gary Powers was flying his plane below the high flying reconnaissance altitude and was hit by anti-aircraft fire.Gary Powers actually landed the plane in the Soviet Union.There was a bomb on board the plane. The newest and probably least probable explanation offered for the downing of the planes comes from the pilot of a Soviet plane involved in the incident. He claims to have been ordered to ram the spy plane. Admittedly there is little evidence to support this claim. However, it further muddies the waters of explanation. Even though the cause of the incident is shrouded in mystery there is little doubt to the short and long term consequences of the event. Consequences and Significance The Paris Summit between President Eisenhower and Nikita Krushchev collapsed in large part because Krushchev demanded an apology that Eisenhower was unwilling to give.Gary Powers was convicted of espionage and sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor. He only served 1 year 9 months and 9 days before being traded for the Soviet spy Colonel Rudolph Ivanovich Abel.This incident set in motion a pattern of mistrust that culminated in the Cuban Missile Crisis, a time when U.S.-U.S.S.R. relations reached an all time low. No one can predict if the Cold War might have ended sooner had the U-2 incident not occurred.

Sociocultural influences on conflict resolution and post-war Research Paper

Sociocultural influences on conflict resolution and post-war reconstruction - Research Paper Example A good example is the United States election and especially the 2008 elections that pitted president Obama against senator McCain2. The nation has found itself in a reconstruction program in both Afghanistan and Iraq in the aftermath of its anti-terrorism missions in the said countries. Elsewhere, there have been various peace-building projects, national building programs, political mediations and other post war and conflict reconstruction programs that are being undertaken by international bodies like the United Nations and other regional or supranational agencies. However, such efforts have not always been smooth and have been met with a lot of challenges both of logistical and ideological nature. The ever-changing global environment that has meant that the approach for conflict resolution and reconstruction has had to be varied has further compounded this situation. A major driver of this dynamism has been the constantly shifting international relations3 in what has been summed up by many scholars and foreign policy analysts as the â€Å"clash of civilizations†4. This paper will closely examine one of the major factors that has influenced post war and conflict reconstruction in the world today – socio cultural constructs. ... However, other nation building programs in the world shall also be mentioned for the purposes of providing a clearer picture of how socio cultural factors have been a major influence on post war reconstruction and conflict resolution. Most conflicts in the world have been down to the strategies that have been involved. By looking at the socio-cultural influences on nation building efforts, this paper will enable the appropriate formulation of strategies to tackle the dynamism in the global environment that has been largely pushed by this factor. With rising clamor for democracy among nations that were formerly communist in nature, there have been numerous conflicts that have come with such adjustments and this has sometimes led to intra and international tensions that have resulted into conflicts. The Afghanistan and Iraq conflicts These two countries have seen a lot of instability that dates back to a century with Afghanistan facing a larger share of this conflict. To begin, the U.S – Iraqi conflict dates back in the year 19905 when the country’s tyrannical forces led an invasion on its neighbor, Kuwait. The United States was at the forefront of resolving this conflict by demanding an immediate withdrawal of Iraqi troops from the Kuwaiti soil. President George H Bush decided to use military intervention after diplomatic efforts from the United Nations did not bear any fruit and this worked. Regardless of the intervention, internal conditions in the Saddam Hussein led state was worsening. There were concerns by the international community that the regime was oppressing the minority, developing both biological and mechanical weapons among other violations of human rights and

Equity & Trusts Coursework (Final Year LLB Law) Essay

Equity & Trusts Coursework (Final Year LLB Law) - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that charitable trusts in the United Kingdom (UK) are entitled to be governed by law1. In addition, charities are free to take part in public debates in the areas related to policy and legislation along with involving in the political activities with the motive of influencing decisions that will support the work of charity and not for any other purposes. At the same time, it has been affirmed that charities are entitled to guard their independence but they cannot permit political activities to become the reason for their existence. In this regard, the major problem behind the law governing the charities is that this law does not explicitly define the charitable purposes2, knowledge and understanding of the law of equity and trusts. Correspondingly, the focus of the essay is to identify the reasons why it is desirable to encourage, rather than restrict, charities’ advocacy and campaigning role. The Law of Equity and Trusts In order to acquire comprehensiv e understanding regarding the law of equity and trusts, it would be vital to begin with analysing the historical background related with the origin of the law. In this context, it is worth mentioning that the history of trusts in the UK is originally derived from the principle of equity. During the 12th and the 13th century, possession of land in Britain was derived on the feudal system. When people left to fight in the struggle, they had to pass their land to other people for taking care of it. In general, when those people returned back, the other people had to give back their land to the respective owner. However, at that time the principle of equity was not recognized. Hence, when the actual owner failed to recover his/her land despite claiming in the court, the people plead to king. On their petition the matter was referred to Lord Chancellor. Since then the principle of equity was originated3. There are certain basic principles of equity that act as a guide for courts in decid ing whether equitable jurisdiction should be followed. These basic principles are represented below: Equity will not experience a wrong to be without a redressal Equity abides by a law An individual who pursues equity must ensure equity An individual who comes to equity must aim to ensure clean hands ‘Where the equities are equal, the law triumphs’ ‘Equity imputes an aim to realise an obligation’ ‘Equity values act that ought to be done’ ‘Equity is equality’ ‘Equity regards to the intent rather than the form’ ‘Delay defeats equity’ (Source4) Concerning the legislation being exercised in the UK, it has been ascertained that the trust law was originally regulated by the Trustee Act 1925. However, this particular Act is currently replaced by Trustee Act 2000. From a critical analysis of the law of equity and trusts, it has been observed that the Trustee Act 2000 is the most inclusive trust law in the UK parti cularly in England and Wales. The Trustee Act 2000 is a set of regulations that articulates the duties of trustees and has been enforced throughout England and Wales. The Trustee Act of 2000 fundamentally comprises five aspects related to trust law. These five aspects include duty of trustee, power of trustee to invest, power of trustee to appoint nominee, power of trustee to acquire property and power of trustee to obtain remuneration and other benefits 5 However, the law relating to charities is different from the ordinary law of trust.

The Validity of Recovered Memories Essay Example for Free

The Validity of Recovered Memories Essay The sudden recovery of repressed memories from a traumatic event such as childhood sexual abuse can be both validating and confusing for clients that are seeking help with various problems. These new memories might be able to help client identify the cause of their feelings and issues that are affecting their life. However for others it can be a very difficult time because of the conflicting emotions about the abuser. Worst of all when dealing with the recovery of repressed memories they may be all together false. The accuracy of recovered memories in regards to sexual abuse is low and can come with significant consequences. These false memories can be very harmful to the client as well as anyone falsely accused of sexual abuse. In the late nineteenth century Sigmund Freud began using the term repression to explain how memories of a traumatic event can be inaccessible for a period of time and then return at a later date sometimes suddenly while during other times slowly developing over a period of time into a more clear memory. It was believed that repressed memories or motivated forgetting was a defense mechanism for people who needed to protect themself from the harmful and painful memories of a traumatic experience (Boag, 2006). More recently repressed memories being recovered about childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has caused more studies to be conducted to determine if the memories being recovered are valid or if false memories are be produced due to the fact that â€Å"human memories are vulnerable to distortion, that illusory memories can be created and therapies designed to recover memories of repressed abuse may inadvertently foster false memories of trauma† (Clancy, Schacter, McNally, Pitman, 2000, p. 26) Some therapist believes that memories that have been repressed can be successfully recovered with therapy and that these memories accurately portray the past events to the extent that legal action can be taken. Some states have even ratified laws to accommodate the recovery of repressed memories so that believed offender of CSA can be prosecuted once the client has recovered their memory of the traumatic event (Partlett Nurcombe, 1998). These memories can be recovered using various therapies such as hypnosis, dream interpretation, guided imagery and truth serum. Many of the therapies used for recovering repressed memories include having the client  in a relaxed state so that the memories can then be recalled more effectively. However a fallacy can occur when trying to help a client recover a repressed memory. If a therapist explains how a type of therapy such as hypnosis is helpful in recovering memories of CSA the client may then remember such instances of abuse simply because th ey believe the therapy works, so it does. ***As with any type of memory recovered memories are also subject to corruption and can vary from partially true to completely false. Recovered memories can be a fabrication of events and details that never actually took place. Because of these false memories being about such extreme information such as CSA an organization called False Memory Foundation was created in 1992 to help those who have been accused of such acts. The foundation will help the accused get in touch with attorneys that specialize in cases regarding repressed and recovered memories (Lein, 1999). For example a women’s recovered memory of being forced to drink blood as a child was later discovered to be nothing more than her drinking from a communion cup as a child. The wine she drank was explained to her as the blood of Christ when going to church and as a child thought the wine to be of real blood. This caused what appeared to be a traumatic memory but turned out to be a memory that was explained easily and while the memory was true the actual act of drinking blood was not (Pope Brown, 1996). At times the memories that are recovered are later found to be true with evidence from an outside source such as collaboration from another family member that was present at the time of the abuse or documentation such as diary’s kept by the abuser. Currently there is not a clear black and white understanding of recovered memories so theses type of therapies will continued to be practiced but should be done so cautiously. Not all memories recovered are false making it difficult for some to decide how they feel about the issue of repressed and recovered memories. I believe that memories can be forgotten and later recalled with prompting from exposure to an outside stimulus that brings the memory to the surface again. However because of the number of ways a memory can be corrupted I am forced to doubt the validity of recovered memories. Without substantiated proof that a memory that has been recovered is true I feel it would be unjust to presume that memory is truly factual, especially when accusation  of CSA can be so traumatic for not only the client but for their family as well. In most cases clients accuse their fathers of the assault which result in disruption of the family and for some court cases (Groman, 2008). The practice of therapist trying to help clients recover repressed memories can become unethical extremely quickly depending on how the therapy progresses. Therapists have been sued and found guilty of implanting false memories (Stocks, 1998). It is important the therapist use open ended questions that allow the client to proceed with the sessions as they see fit rather than using suggestive or leading questions (Holmes, 2006). â€Å"Clients can be asked if they had any experiences in childhood that they found sexually inappropriate, uncomfortable, or frightening† (Pope Brown, 1996, p. 158). However informing a client that their symptoms present in a way that the therapist believes the client has been a victim of CSA is a leading statement and can begin an unethical path to false recovered memories. Participation in survival groups can also cause these false memories of CSA. These memories appear to be real to the client however groups can cause conformity and may be causing false memories in the absence of any real CSA memories to be recovered(Stocks, 1998). Asch (1956) also demonstrated how groups can cause conformity to the point that members will make reports that are inconsistent with observable facts. Also with the therapist being in a position of authority clients can feel the desire to please their therapist and will push them self to remember the tragic memory believed to be repressed in order to satisfy the therapist. Having a therapist in anyway push or persuade a client in to believing that they have repressed memories of CSA or any other repressed memory that needs to be recovered is extremely unethical due to the highly damaging effects this can have on the client’s life. Because of these and other ethical concerns some organizations have decided to create a code of ethics in regards to repressed and recovered memories. This code of ethics gives therapist a place to seek help when ethical dilemmas arise. Giving therapist a variety of choices and steps they can take if presented with such a case (Pettifor, Crozier, Ch ew, 2001). While it is important for people who have either actually repressed a memory of CSA or have been afraid to come forward before that point to have the ability to peruse their offender in court it is also important to remember  the consequences of false memories. When a client recovers a false memory of CSA not only will the client have to deal with the emotions that come with that false memory but they can also become cut off from their family. For some the false memory has become so over whelming that they begin to hurt themselves with suicidal thoughts, self-mutilation, sleep disorders, and nightmares in an attempt to handle the information they have recovered and perceive as true. These symptoms appear to lessen after terminating therapy (Stocks, 1998) Along with the client the accused person must also deal with ramifications of the false memories. The accused can be taken to court and put in jail if found guilty. Because of the lack of imperial data supporting that a significant number of recovered memories are indeed factual I find myself unable to support a therapy that can be so damaging to everyone involved from the client, to therapist and the family of both the client and the therapist. If false memories are produced and legal action is taken against the presumed abuser or the therapist for implanting false memories regardless if it was done purposefully it can cause damaging consequences for all parties involved. References Asch, S. E. (t956). Studies of independence and conformity: 1. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70(9), 1-70. Boag, S. (2006). Freudian repression, the common view, and pathological science. Review of General Psychology, 10(1), 74-86. Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L., McNally, R. J., Pitman, R. K. (2000). False recognition in women reporting recovered memories of sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 11(1), 26-31. Gorman, G. (2008). The recovered memory controversy—A new perspective. European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 8(1), 22-31. Holmes, L. (May 06, 2006). The debate over recovered memories In About.com. Retrieved December 3, 2012, from http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/dissociative/a/dabaterec.htm. Lein, J. (1999). Recovered memories: context and controversy. Social Work, 44(5), 481-484. Partlett, D.F., Nurcombe, B. (1998). Recovered memories of child sexual abuse and liability: Society, Science, and the law in a comparative setting. Psychology, Publice Policy, and Law, 4(4), 1253-1306. Pettifor, J., Crozier, S., Chew, J. (2001). Recovered memories: Ethical Guidelines to Support Professionals. Journal of child Sexual abuse, 10(2), 1. Pope, K. S., Brown, L. S. (1996). Clinical work with people who report recovered memories. In Recovered memories of abuse: Assessment, therapy, forensics (pp. 145-205). Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association. Stocks, J.T. (1998). Recovered memory therapy: A dubious practice technique. Social Work, 43(5), 423-436.

Biography of Plotinus :: essays research papers

Plotinus was born in Upper Egypt, more specifically in Lycopolis in 204 CE. When he was twenty-eight he moved to Alexandria to study philosophy. While in Alexandria, he was tremendously influenced by Plato and Aristotle and therefore studied their works immensely. Subsequent to working under Ammonius for approximately ten years, he joined the Emperor Gordian’s campaign against the Parthians (Persians) in 243 AD. He joined the campaign, partly because he was somewhat intrigued by the Persians’ philosophies, but mainly because he was greatly interested in the philosophers of India and Persia. Plotinus’s plan failed: the emperor was assassinated in Mesopotamia and he was coerced to escape to Antioch in order to save his life. In 244 AD, he made his way to Rome and started his own school of philosophy. He was such a distinguished teacher, that he received rave reviews from highly eminent people, including the Emperor Gallienus and his wife Salonina. Not long after the school was founded, he thought up the idea for a model city, Platonopolis, in a city called Campania in Southern Italy. His idea was for the city to live according to the laws of Plato. Even though Gallienus was completely supportive of this plan, the other "imperial counselors" were not; therefore, the idea did not go any further. He continued to teach at his school in Rome until 268 AD. From that point, he retired to a rural estate of one of his disciples in Campania. During the last few years of his life, he began to put down in writing, his responses to the most common questions that were raised during his seminars. These responses were written in essays, primarily because the extent of most of the answers could not

Origins and Causes of the Cold War

————————————————- Why the iron curtain descended: origins and causes of the cold war ROHAN SINGH SEPTEMBER 2012 Name of University: The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences Subject:Political Science Date of Submission:1st October, 2012. â€Å"Why the Iron curtain descended†: A study into the origins and causes of the cold war INTRODUCTION On April 16, 1947, Bernard Baruch, former advisor to former U. S.Presidents, Harry Truman and Woodrow Wilson came up with the term ‘Cold War’ to describe the breakdown in relations between the two superpowers at the time-the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Historian Walter Lippman, his friend used it in the New York herald Tribune-which marked it’s introduction in popular media. This mutual antagonism between the two nations manifested itself, not in all-out war but in attacks thro ugh economic sanctions, proxy wars, the building of alliances propaganda warfare, enmeshed in an overarching principle of non-cooperation.In this context, before delving into the causes, which this essay seeks to do, it is imperative to note that the fact that the two superpowers fought on the same side during World War II was nothing but a ‘marriage of convenience,’ where they were united against the common enemy rather than on grounds of a common cause. The suspicions, ensuing due to the differences in ideology and motives on the global scale had not been occluded by any means, merely erased for the time being. ‘THE BREAKDOWN OF ‘THE MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE’To fully understand the origins of the Cold War and the breakdown in relations,it is necessary for us to consider the Yalta, Potsdam and Tehran conferences that occurred towards the dying stages of the Second World War. The Tehran Conference held in 1943 was attended by Roosevelt, Churchill and S talin and even though, the leaders went to Tehran with different goals in mind, the quintessential objective, which was to open a second front against Germany, was achieved. The ‘big three’ met again in Yalta in February, 1945.Relations again seemed cordial and the three leaders agreed on various key points, such as the formation of the United Nations, punishment of the Nazi war criminals, the division of Germany and Berlin into four zones, the holding of free elections in Eastern Europe. Yet, there were perilous signs foreshadowing the origin of the Cold War as the three disagreed about what was to be done about Poland. Stalin’s demand that the Soviet Union should be given all land east of the Oder-Neisse Line was not taken too favorably by the other two leaders.When they met at Potsdam again in July 1945, relations were not so amicable. Various changes had taken place in the international stage since Yalta. Firstly, the Soviet Union’s Red Army had taken control of the Baltic States under the pretext of liberating them. Secondly, both the United States and Great Britain had different leaders representing them. Attlee replaced Churchill and Truman replaced Roosevelt. Both the new leaders were far more suspicious of Stalin and his ‘red agenda’ than their predecessors had been. Fourthly, the Americans had already tested an atom bomb on July 16, 1945.While Stalin was informed of this development at the conference, the motive behind the Manhatten Project was a manifestation of the suspicion the leaders harbored towards the Communist as they wanted to ensure that Japan was invaded by them and not the Soviet Union. Truman also disagreed with Stalin’s request for a ‘Soviet sphere of influence’ and kept on pressing for free elections in the liberated states of Eastern Europe, which Stalin objected to on grounds of Soviet security. The expansion of the USSR east of the Oder-Neisse line in Poland remained a top ic of dispute.The setting up of a government in Poland that recognized all three powers, termed as a ‘Provisional Government of National Unity’ (also known as the Lublin Poles), which effectively rendered the Polish government in exile a thing of the past was another source of conflict. WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR? : USA, USSR OR SIMPLE IDEOLOGY? Now, we come to the three schools of thought on the origins of the Cold War. The traditionalists, led by the eminent historian George Kennan believe that the Stalin and USSR were to blame, owing to their agenda, which involved expanding Communism and establishing control over all the Eastern-European tates. In the 1960s and 1970s, Russian historians, who propounded the revisionist view believed that the United States were to blame for the war as the leaders had become paranoid about Communist aggression, whereas Stalin’s motives were purely defensive and the establishment of his ‘sphere of influence’ i n Eastern Europe was justified on grounds that USSR had suffered grave economic losses during the war and it seemed prudent to ensure that neighboring states weren’t hostile.This view became more popular during the 1960s and 1970s as the inherent paranoia regarding both the external and internal Communist Threat, better known as ‘The Red Scare,’ propounded by the Senator Joseph McCarthysubsided in the United States and people become exceptionally critical of American foreign policywith the emergence of the Vietnam War. The third view, which is accepted by most historians across the globe, including this author is the post-revisionist view, which says that it would be unfair to blame the origin of the Cold War on any of the sides without placing equal blame on the other.Furthermore, to fully understand, the causes behind the Cold War, we need to consider a multitude of factors. Firstly, the World War II had a detrimental impact on the economies of both Britain and France and neither of them were the superpowers they had once been. Thus, the USA and the USSR were now the remaining superpowers, two superpowers, which had starkly different and almost contradictory ideologies on government and economics. The Soviet system of government was a Communist one based on the Marxist principles of equality and the welfare state, which involved central planning at the expense of individual freedom.On the other hand, the United States was a capitalist democracy, which espouses the ownership of private wealth, embedded in the pursuit of profits, at the expense of economic disparity. This also led to a breakdown in communication. Every act was construed by the other superpower to be a propaganda move to thwart the other. The Truman Doctrine, which vowed to provide military aid to European states from internal or external aggression and the Marshall Plan, largely responsible for the economic rebuilding of Europe were interpreted, perhaps rightly, by the Sovi et Union as means of spreading USA’s capitalist agenda.Stalin responded to the ‘capitalist expansionist’ agenda of the Marshall Plan by setting up the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) to economically aid the members of the Eastern Block. ‘ACTION AND REACTION:COLD WAR CONFLICTS FROM 1945-1960 Each superpower wanted to spread their specific ideology and contain the other’s, which resulted in a number of propaganda measures, alliancesand proxy wars. The first major cold war conflict was the Berlin blockade and airlift of 1948-49.Stalin cut of all transport links to West Berlin, which was under Allied Control, thus cutting of all food supplies to the city. Truman ordered an airlift with food supplies through B-52 bombers, thus ensuring that the population and autonomy of the zone were kept alive. In 1949, Stalin called of the blockade. The ‘iron curtain’-which was a symbol of both ideological and physical division between Eas tern and Western Europe became permanent and the arms race started to pick up pace.The western nations were convinced of what a potential threat the Soviets could be, which prompted the USA to supplement its military deployment with political affiliations by signing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April, 1949, emphasizing the principle of collective self-defense. This, along with the rearmament of The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany, which was in the Allied Zone) was met with the creation of the Warsaw Pact in 1955. The Soviets also set up a Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), which served as a forum that gathered all communist Eastern Bloc nations.Throughout the 1950s, both countries continued to build up their military arsenal- of both conventional and nuclear weapons. This form of action and reaction due to high levels of suspicion and hostility towards the other played a key role in laying the foundations of the Cold War that ensued. The final Cold War Conflict of the 1950s which laid down the foundation for the tension that would exist in a divided Europe for the next forty years was the Berlin Crisis, which ensued from 1958-61.In 1961, The Soviet Union constructed a wall between east and West Germany in the heart of Berlin. Khrushchev claimed that it was an attempt to curb the expansion of western influence of fascist attempting to influence the mindset of the people of East Germany through brainwashing and coercion. However, most historians believe that it was simply an attempt to curb the exodus of many immigrants (a number that has been pegged at 3. 5 million before the construction of The Wall) to West Germany, which was doing much better economically.Throughout the Cold War, the war was a physical representation of the divide across the iron curtain and an emblem of the conflicts that it represented. CONCLUSION: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE BEGINNING OF A NEW WORLD ORDER The years 1945-1960 laid down the foundations for the period of international and diplomatic tensions that would ensue between the two superpowers. While, all-out- war- never broke out, the two countries’ policies of containment and brinksmanship brought them close to it on many occasions, such as during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.Of course, the Cuban Missile crisis also helped in improving communication ties and kickstarted the process of arms limitation by the setting up of measures such as the Partial test ban treaty in 1963 and the Moscow-Washington ‘hotline. ’ The period 1969-79 saw a thaw in relations between the two superpowers- a period known as ‘detente’, which ended with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The end of the Cold War, which was marked by the fall of the berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a ‘new world’ order.In this new era, there has generally been a decrease in inter-state conflicts but other threats to intern ational piece such as conflicts of ethnicity, religion, militancy and terrorism are still rampant. Communal tensions in regions such as Sudan, Somalia and the Congo are latest epitomes of this form of conflict and to truly establish a framework of international piece it will be imperative for national governments, in conjunction with the United Nations to make addressing such issues a priority. BIBLIOGRAPHY Arthur Bliss Lane. I saw Poland betrayed: An American Ambassador Reports to the American People.Indianapolis: TheBobbs-Merrill Company, 1948. pp. 5. Church, George,†Freedom! The Berlin Wall,†Time. Available at: (Accessed 29th September,2012. ) Cleary,Helen and Edwards,Phil (2005),†Fact File:Potsdam Conference. † BBC Archives. Availableat: (Accessed 28th September 2012. ) Czechoslovakia: A Country Study†, Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (Washington, D. C. : Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1992. )Church, George,†Freedom! The Berlin Wal l,†Time. Available at: (Accessed 29th September,2012. ) Glass,Andrew (2010)â€Å"Bernard baruch coins the term Cold War. †Politico. Available at: < http://www. politico. com/news/stories/0410/35862. html > ( Accessed 26th September, 2010. ) Fried, Albert (1997). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. pp:10. Lowe,Norman (2005)Mastering Modern World History. 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers. London. pp. 130. Scott,Lenn(2001)International history 1900-90. n Baylis, Jon and Smith, Steve (2001),The globalization of world politics:An introduction to international relations. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. London. pp:55-63. Yilmaz,Muzaffer (2008),†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢The New World Order’:An outline of the Post Cold-War Era,†Turkish Journal of International Relations. v. 7(4) Available at: http://www. alternativesjournal. net/volume7/Number4/myilmaz. pdf (Accessed 1st October,2012. ) ———â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 2 ]. Glass,Andrew (2010)â€Å"Bernard baruch coins the term Cold War. †Politico( Accessed 26th September, 2010. [ 3 ]. Ibid [ 4 ]. Lowe,Norman (2005)Mastering Modern World History. 4thed.Palgrave Macmillan Publishers. London. pp. 122. [ 5 ]. Churchill, Winston Spencer (1951). The Second World War: Closing the Ring. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. pp. 642. [ 6 ]. Lowe,Norman (2005)Mastering Modern World History. 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers. London. pp. 123. [ 7 ]. Ibid [ 8 ]. The elections were held during the Conference and Churchill was replaced midway through the Conference. SeeLowe,Norman (2005)Mastering Modern World History. 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers. London. pp. 122. [ 9 ]. Cleary,Helen and Edwards,Phil (2005),†Fact File:Potsdam Conference. † BBC Archives (Accessed 28th September 2012) [ 10 ].Arthur Bliss Lane. I saw Poland betrayed: An America n Ambassador Reports to the American People. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1948. [ 11 ]. Supra note 5 [ 12 ]. ibid [ 13 ]. Fried, Albert (1997). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. [ 14 ]. Supra note 5 [ 15 ]. Scott,Lenn(2001)International history 1900-90. in Baylis, Jon and Smith, Steve (2001),The globalization of world politics:An introduction to international relations. 2nded. Oxford University Press. London. pp:55-63. [ 16 ]. â€Å" Czechoslovakia: A Country Study†, Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (Washington, D.C. : Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1992. ) [ 17 ]. Lowe,Norman (2005)Mastering Modern World History. 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers. London. pp. 130. [ 18 ]. Supra note 14 [ 19 ]. Lowe,Norman (2005)Mastering Modern World History. 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers. London. pp. 130. [ 20 ]. Church, George,†Freedom! The Berlin Wall,†Time (Accessed 29th September 2012 ) [ 21 ]. Supra note 14 [ 22 ]. ibid [ 23 ]. Yilmaz,Muzaffer (2008),†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢The New World Order’:An outline of the Post Cold-War Era,†Turkish Journal of International Relations. v. 7(4) (Accessed 1st October,2012)

Education †Gymnasium Essay

Title Education is everywhere in the world. Individuals are learning here and there. Everyone would agree that education is a fundamental way of life. Education is obtained learning from multiple people such as parents, friends, teachers and even other surroundings. Every individual is educated and taught differently. Education should be built not only on the text that lies within a book, but should also be base with everyday life. Agree on McCullough and Oliphant perspectives because grades and how life is not revolved around grades. | Grades should not be based on how smart an individual is. Although Oliphant â€Å"Letter to a B Student† wrote â€Å"Your performance is generally assumed to correspond to the knowledge you have acquired and will retain (137). † They could be really intelligent or ignorant, but the letter grade they receive defines who they are. The letter grade that most individuals want to receive is an A, but others settle for the best they can receive. In McCullough speech â€Å"You’re Not Special† he says â€Å"Where good is no longer good enough, where a B is the new C, and where the midlevel curriculum is called Advanced College Placement (McCullough). † Even the ones that try their hardest on something might have a difficult time trying to comprehend the material. They worry about the grade they might receive and it stresses them out. There are individuals that just brush off or brag about the grade they received to make the others feel bad about themselves. For example, one student might have taken an exam that they studied for and failed; the other student did not study and passed. Individuals like to brag about their grades that they probably do not deserve. | How life is not revolved around grades because it is more than that to life. Oliphant said â€Å"Your grade does not represent a judgment of your basic ability or of your character (137). † People think that individuals such as students that do not make a high grade that they are not trying their best at what they are doing. There are a lot of wealthy people that are wealthy without grades defining them. Some of them could have made low grades when they were younger and people said they would not be successful it because they are failing everything. There are a handful of successful individuals that did not make it far in school, but is doing something good with their life. Individuals should not judge people because of several failing grades they could be more intelligent than everyone thinks they are. McCullough talks about â€Å"You’re not special, because everyone is (McCullough). †In conclusion, grades should not define a person on what they make on a paper. People should not judge a person by a low grade or high grade. Agreeing with McCullough and Oliphant perspectives. People are more intelligent than individuals think they are. | Works CitedMcCullough, David. â€Å"You’re Not Special. † Myfoxboston. com. Fox Television Stations, Inc. 6 June 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. Oliphant, Robert. â€Å"Letter to a B Student. † Writing on the River: An Anthology. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2012. 136-142. Print.

Brown Recluse Spider,What You Should Know

Brown Recluse Spider,What You Should Know The brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, has a bad and largely undeserved reputation. Across the U.S., people fear the bite of this spider, believing it is an aggressive attacker and certain to cause devastating necrotic wounds. Research on brown recluse spiders has proven these assertions to be false. Description The best-known feature of the brown recluse spider is the fiddle-shaped marking on the cephalothorax. The neck of the dark brown fiddle points toward the abdomen. Other than this marking, the brown recluse is a uniformly-colored light brown, with no stripes, spots, or bands of contrasting color. The violin marking is not a reliable identifying characteristic. Young L. recluses may lack the mark, and other Loxosceles species also display the fiddleback detail. Along with other Loxosceles species, brown recluses have six eyes, arranged in a semi-circle pattern of three pairs. This feature distinguishes Loxosceles spiders from most others, which commonly have eight eyes. The brown recluse lacks any stiff spines on its body but is covered with fine hairs. The only definitive way to identify the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, is to examine the genitalia. With a body size of just a quarter inch long, this requires a high magnification microscope. Suspected brown recluse spiders should be brought to your county extension agent for expert identification. Dietrs The brown recluse spider feeds at night, leaving the security of its web to search for food. Current research reveals the brown recluse is primarily a scavenger, feeding on dead insects it finds. The spider will also kill live prey when needed. Life Cycle Brown recluse spiders live about two years. The female lays up to 50 eggs at a time, encasing them in a silken sac. Most egg production occurs between May and July, and a single female may lay five times within a year. When the spiderlings hatch, they remain with the mother in her web until they have molted a few times. Over the first year of life, the spiderlings will molt up to seven times before reaching adulthood. Special Adaptations and Defenses Brown recluse spiders use short fangs to inject a cytotoxic venom into prey. When provoked, a brown recluse spider will bite, and this venom may cause necrotic wounds to the person or animal that has been bitten. Venom is not the brown recluses primary defense, however. As the name recluse suggests, this spider is quite timid and spends the daylight hours in retreat, usually in its web. By remaining inactive during the day, the brown recluse limits its exposure to possible threats. Habitat Brown recluses prefer dark, undisturbed areas with low moisture. In homes, the spiders find shelter in basements, storage closets, garages, and sheds. During the day, they may hide in cardboard boxes, folded clothing, or even shoes. Outdoors, brown recluse spiders are found beneath logs, in wood and lumber piles, or under loose rocks. Range The established range of the brown recluse spider is limited to U.S. states in the central Midwest, southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Rare and isolated encounters with brown recluse in areas outside of this range are attributed to interstate commerce. Brown recluse spiders may seek shelter in cardboard boxes, and make their way to places outside their known range in shipments of goods.

Using zeitgeist Coherently

Using zeitgeist Coherently Using zeitgeist Coherently Using zeitgeist Coherently By Maeve Maddox Zeitgeist is one of those lovely German borrowings that packs into a single word a thought that would require several in English. Zeitgeist: [tsÄ «tgÄ «st, zÄ «tgÄ «st] n. The spirit or genius which marks the thought or feeling of a period or age. NOTE: In German, all nouns are capitalized. The OED capitalizes Zeitgeist; Merriam-Webster does not. German Zeit means time and Geist is cognate with our word ghost, which doesnt only mean the spirit of a person who has died, but can also mean an informing spirit, as in the term the Holy Ghost. Coined by Matthew Arnold in the 19th century to put a name on the spirit of social change and uncertainty that characterized the Victorian Age, zeitgeist has crept into the popular vocabulary where it is flung about without much thought as to what it means. A special interest group and Google have co-opted the word to special uses. Zeitgeist is the name attached to a movement launched by a group of social reformers who wish to reallocate world resources under a global government. Google has a statistics function called Zeitgeist that aggregates how often particular topics are searched over time. In the web context, a zeitgeist is an idea or image that is iconic of a particular moment. Some writers use it as a mere synonym for trend, or fad. Some plant it in the (usually) redundant phrase zeitgeist of the moment. Others, perhaps wishing to create a phrase on the model of Oprahs aha moment, talk about a zeitgeist moment. Here are some examples of the questionable use of zeitgeist: If it’s true that a taste for simple rustic dishes is emerging as the culinary zeitgeist of the moment, Trattoria San Pietro is likely to become even more popular than it already is. The Zeitgeist is getting all sticky. (Headline for an article about a trend to use use bees in the production of artwork.) Favorite Zeitgeist Moments (forum thread in which a zeitgeist moment is defined as Just little moments in any song that really grab your attention, even if you dont like the rest of the song its in.) The scoreboard flashed 715, fireworks erupted, the fans celebrated. Braves radio announcer Milo Hamilton famously captured the zeitgeist of the moment†¦ (Hank Aaron hitting his 715th home run)†¨ The only time it might make sense to talk about the zeitgeist of the moment would be in comparing the present age to a previous one, as Stephen Jay Gould does in The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: By contrast, the common themes behind the reformulations defended in this book all follow froma set of integrated approaches that strongly contribute to the Zeitgeist of our moment. Gould is clearly thinking of two Zeitgeists, Darwins and ours: Whatever the contribution of a Victorian Zeitgeist to Darwins thinking, or of a contemporary Zeitgeist to our revisions, the differences are testable Some popular writers do use zeitgeist in the sense of views associated with a particular period of time. Heres a reviewer of romance novels: I’m not sure why there’s this unwillingness to go along with the zeitgeist of the time in which the book was written, but instead to apply today’s standards of fashion or technology or pop culture as markers of timelessness. Stanislav Grof, writing about the biomechanical set designs of H. R. Giger, observes that the zeitgeist of the twentieth century is characterized by staggering technological progress that enslaved modern humanity in an internecine symbiosis with the world of machines. For Matthew Arnold, the 19th century author to whom we owe the term, the zeitgeist is much more than the prevailing world view at a given time in history. Its a force that influences events. A dehumanizing zeitgeist is something to be resisted. The OED gives this illustration of Arnolds first use of the word: I..took up Obermann, and refuged myself with him..against your Zeit Geist. Obermann was a book by French author Etienne Pivert de Senancour (1770-1846). Senancour disliked the trappings of civilization and sought tranquility in nature. Obermann is full of descriptions of Nature and praise of solitude. The quotation in the OED reference is from a letter to Arnolds friend Arthur Clough, who had written a poem that Arnold felt reflected the Victorian zeitgeist. In reading Obermann, Arnold was seeking refuge from a zeitgeist from which he felt alienated. To talk about a sports zeitgeist or a culinary zeitgeist, or a fashion zeitgeist when all one means is trend, is to waste a high-powered word. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Used To vs. Use To15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Discuss contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia Essay

Discuss contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia - Essay Example These facts indicate Australians approach toward work. The great degree of economic security and independence that derives from paid employment has largely contributed to the changing employment ideologies of Australia. This will paper critically evaluate the contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia. Factors affecting paid employment trends in Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics reflects that â€Å"amount of remuneration, the conditions and tenure of employment, the personal development opportunities available, and the physical, financial and psychological effects† are the major elements that largely influence the mental perception of paid workers (Paid work: employment arrangements, 2002). Recent growths in service industries and technologies, governmental deregulations in labor markets, and increasing number of women workers have greatly contributed to different working arrangements in Australia. The new work arrangement settings in paid employment system are very beneficial for part time workers. The part time workers mainly aim to balance part time employment with their family responsibilities or carrier building activities. The statistical data precisely illustrates that there is a considerable increase in the rate of part time labor from 1983 to 2003 (Paid work: employment arrangements, 2004). ... The increased volume of labor force has intensified the economic as well as cultural growth of the nation. The government has realized the significant role of human resource in the overall development of the nation; therefore it has liberalized employment laws in the country to create attractive opportunities for potential individuals. In the opinion of Pocock (2009), the pleasure an employee obtains from job will largely influence his attitude towards the work. When a worker gets job satisfaction, he would contribute his maximum potential and skills to the job which in turn would avoid unfair practices. Understanding this concept, Australian employers heed genuine concern to workplace issues with intent to provide satisfactory working environment for their employees. Contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia While dealing with current employment trends in Australia, it is necessary to assess the emergence of large number of part-time workers. Nowadays, employment trends show that Australian people do not like to remain unemployed and it clearly indicates the employment cultural transition in the country as compared to 1980s when employed people constituted only a small portion of the country. Generally, over time workers are additionally compensated for their extra efforts. Fear and Denniss (2009) point out that many of the workers in Australia are not paid for their overtime work; and official report indicates that unpaid overtime in Australia is more common than paid overtime. More than half of all Australian employees work more hours beyond the standard time without having paid for extra time. The unpaid overtime is more common among white-collar employees since they are paid comparatively higher

Five Entries in an Activist Diary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Five Entries in an Activist Diary - Assignment Example The flamenco flash mobs in Spain became too successful that such protests occurred similarly in London and in the St Georg’s Square. The flamenco flash mobs protest in Spain was being facilitated by central bank’s crisis (Daph, 2013; pg. 01). Other political art forms that facilitated the protest is then flight in Spain including the Barcelona’s hands project that involved the use of the plastics that were scattered across the city. This protect is considered democratic since the relevant authorities never interfered with the protest that is addressing the current concerns of the common people. It should be noted that is protest was facilitated by marginalization and economic crisis in Spain. The Tahrir Square Like any protest in Egypt, the Tahrir square protest was an aftermath of the 2011 protest of anti Hosni Mubarak’s leadership. The protestors in this riot were Muslims who demonstrated in the commemoration of forty-two protestors who were killed in op posing the government that was in power after the downfall of Mubarak (El Deeb and Gabriel, 2013; Pg. 01). Notably, this is an activism democratic protest since it was facilitated by the fall of other protestors. The protestors felt that some people had betrayed the spirit of their 2011 revolution; thus, they wanted that spirit honored.